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How to Use This File
And How Not to Use It
Use the bookmarks on the left as cues for the differentials
Try to recite the differential without looking
Then click on the bookmark for the answers
The file can be used like “flashcards”
These lists are not meant to be all-inclusive so please do not consider them as such. If you wish all-inclusive lists of differentials, consult the appropriate textbooks

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Cardiomegaly with Normal Vasculature
Viral myocarditis
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Aberrant left coronary artery
Cystic medial necrosis
Diabetic mother

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Causes of
­ Left Atrium
CHF
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Prolapsed mitral valve
Papillary muscle dysfunction
Left atrial myxoma

Causes of
­ Main Pulmonary Artery
L → R shunt
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Pulmonic stenosis
Idiopathic dilatation of pulmonary artery

Causes of
Prominence of the Thoracic Aorta
Hypertension (entire)
Atherosclerosis (entire)
Aortic insufficiency (entire)
Aortic stenosis (ascending)
Aneurysm (ascending or entire)
Coarctation of the aorta (ascending)
Aortitis (ascending or entire)

Types of
Left-to-Right Shunts
Atrial Septal defect
Ventricular Septal Defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Anomalous pulmonary venous return
AV communis
Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery

Causes of
Increased Flow Vascularity
Left-to-right shunts
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
AV communis
High-output states

Causes of
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Primary or idiopathic
Secondary to
 Lung disease – COPD, fibrosis
 Pulm. arterial dz – arteritis, multiple emboli
 Chronic hypoxia – hi altitude

Causes of
Pulmonary Venous Hypertension
Coarctation of aorta
Aortic stenosis
Hypoplastic Left Heart syndrome
Mitral stenosis-acquired or congenital
Left atrial myxoma
Cor triatriatum
TAPVR from below diaphragm
CHF

Causes of
Congestive Heart Failure
Coronary artery disease
Hypertension
Cardiomyopathy
Valvular lesions – AS, MS
Left-to-right shunts
Fluid overload

Causes of
Marked ­ of Cardiac Silhouette
Cardiomyopathy
Pericardial Effusion
Multiple valve disease

Causes of
Cardiomyopathy
Alcoholism
Coronary artery disease
Collagen-vascular disease
Myocarditis – e.g. rheumatic
Amyloidosis
Nutritional – e.g. Beriberi

Causes of
Pericardial Effusion
Viral pericarditis
Collagen-vascular disease, e.g. lupus
Uremia
TB
Trauma
Post myocardial infarction
Mets

Most Commons
Most common cause of CHF in newborn
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Most common cause of CHF > 2 weeks
Coarctation of the aorta (infantile form)
Most common cyanotic heart disease
Tetralogy of Fallot
Most common dz associated c R arch
Tetralogy of Fallot

Most Commons
Most common L è R shunt
Ventricular Septal Defect
Most common L è R shunt dx’d in adult
Atrial Septal Defect
Dz most commonly associated c R arch
Truncus arteriosus
Most common congenital cardiac lesion
Bicuspid aortic valve

Most Commons
Most common type of ASD
Ostium secundum
Most common type of VSD
Membranous VSD
Most common type of TAPVR
 Supracardiac

Most Commons
Most common cardiac tumor
Metastatic disease, e.g. melanoma
Most common 1° benign heart tumor
Myxoma
Most common 1° tumor of heart in child
Rhabdomyoma

Most Commons
Most common CHD in Down’s Syndrome
Atrioventricular canal defects
Most common cause of pericardial effusion
Myocardial infarction with LV failure
CHD most commonly assoc. with pericardial abnormalities
ASD

Uncommon Most Commons
Most common site of coronary stenosis
Right coronary artery
Most common site of true LV aneurysm
Anterolateral and apical walls
Most common cause of false LV aneurysm
Post-myocardial infarction rupture of LV into pericardium

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